The Rule of Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2714 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? RULE OF LAW The rule of law is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced; the principle of government by law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[1] This is the principle that individuals and government can only act with publicly known law accordingly and those law must be enforced and adopted I a good manner and also consistent with the well established conventions, procedures and traditions. In the Australian Constitution, the rule of law was a foundational principle for the preparation of the Constitution. The concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was very similar and familiar to the theory of an ancient historical Greek philosopher à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aristotleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who wrote the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Law should governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[2] The rule of law is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the authority and influence of law in society, esp. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Rule of Law" essay for you Create order when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including that in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] The modern concept of rule of law is given by the British jurist and constitutional theorist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Albert VennA. V.Diceyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[4] AV Diceyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s famous conception of the rule of law.The rule of law in general, is seen as encompassing these three features: the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power, and excludes the existence of arbitrariness, of prerogative, or even wide discretionary authority on the part of the government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land by the ordinary Law Courts; the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in this sense excludes the idea of any exemption of officials or others from the duty of obedience to the law which governs other citizens or others from the duty of obedience to the law which governs other citizens or from the jurisdiction of ordinary tribunals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as a formula for expressing the fact that with us the law of the constitution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are not the source but the consequence of the rights and individuals, as defined and enforced by the Courts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus the constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land.[5] In short, the three elements are: Supremacy of law; Equality before the law; and Government by law. The rule of law is the basic and fundamental concept of justice, implementation of law and interpretation of law. Without rule of law, it is not possible to provide fair justice and equitable treatment in legal system. The rule of law is the authoritative, superior placement of established law. The rule of law entails the promotion of certain concepts and freedoms, to prevent abusive use of power. The rule of law contains numerous elements. The elements state that all laws must be written, feasible, and as clear as possible and must not be contradictory. The laws can have no effect until they have been passed and are thus official and laws must be constant through time, but must allow for revision. The rule of law differs in the specifics, but the aforementioned is what is consistent with all the definitions. The elements need to be balanced appropriately, or unfairness will result. The rule of law in relation to Australia was developed by the Waterloo Creek Massacre in conjunct ion with the subsequent events; a defined sense of morality was established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ignorance of law does not excuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the strongest point to established and enforced of rule of law. Some authorities which helped to develop the concept of the rule of law as the mistreatment of law coupled with ignorance, and basic human rights were being gradually recognized and improved. For example, in the cases of R v Kilmeister (No 1)[6] and R v Kilmeister (No 2)[7], the Attorney-General repeatedly stressed the nature of murder and how in this matter ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law does not excuse). Tempting as it can be to justify such acts, it is still against the law to commit them. Basic principles of Rule of Law: There are four basic principle of rule of law. Government and its officials are accountable under the law. Laws are clear, just, publicized, stable and protect fundamental rights. The process of law is efficient, fair, just and accessible for everyone. Justice is given and delivered timely by ethical, independent and competent authorities or representatives of law governed bodies. The judiciary should be independent. Essentials of Rule of Law There are some main factors and essentials of rule of law which are mention and describe below The society must governed by rule of law and officials of government are accountable under the law. There must be absence of corruptions. There must be a open government which involves engagement, access, participation involvement and collaboration between government and its citizen. Security must provide to all citizen. Security includes personal security as well as security of their property. Every person should be able to easy access to courts for resolve their grievances and obtain remedy in a peaceful and effective manner Main characteristics of the Rule of law Universality of the scope of the law The first principle of the rule of law is that all citizens come within the scope of the law, no matter what their emi ­nence or authority. Those who make and enforce the law are therefore bound by it. Albert Venn Dicey set out one the best known statements of this principle in 1895: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ every official, from the Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justifica ­tion as any other citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [Appointed government offi ­cials and politicians, alike] and all subordinates, though carrying out the commands of their official superiors, are as responsible for any act which the law does not authorise as is any private and unofficial per ­son.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [8] Martin Krygier, international authority on the rule of law, argues that there is a political and social dimension to the principle. The political element is that governments and public of ficials must comply with the existing law while it is in force. Furthermore, there must be effective ways of forcing governments and officials to submit to the law. If these conditions are not met then a crucial aspect of the rule of law is missing.[9] The social dimension is equality for all citizens before the law. Traditionally this has been assumed to mean that the law should apply to all regardless of inequalities of wealth or status.[10] Clarity for all citizens A second principle is that the law should be expressed in such a way that people can be guided by it. To achieve this goal a number of conditions must be met. The laws must be clear and understandable. The body of law cannot be contradictory. Laws should apply to future action (be pro ­spective) rather than apply to actions which have already occurred (be retrospective). Unless this is so, people will be unaware of their legal position and will be in constant fear of unknowingly breaking some future law. The body of law should be relatively stable because if laws are being con ­stantly changed, people will not trust them. Laws must be taken seriously and enforced. Supportive institutional arrangements and legal culture There need to be appropriate institutions to support the rule of law. These institutional arrangements are too var ­ied and rich to be based on one model only. Nevertheless there are four central ideas supporting the principles of the rule of law that have been widely adopted. The first is that those who decide whether specific actions are legal or ille ­gal should not be the same as those who have the power of decision-making in governments. Second, courts should not only be independent, but also protected from interfer ­ence. Third, traditions and conventions matter to ensure that legal decisions are based on reasonable interpreta ­tions of existing laws. Finally, there need to be measures to ensure that those who appear in the courts are given a fair hearing. There needs to be a culture of law that is widely valued and shared among lawyers. There also needs to be broad agreement within the society that laws really matter. In many Englis h-speaking cultures there is also a rich tradition of common law, the body of law built up over long periods of time through the constant refinement of legal precedents by outstanding legal minds. Common law is not a necessary condition of the rule of law. It is, nonethe ­less, an example of the importance of legal culture Importance of the rule of law. Why it is important? There is no perfect application of the rule of law. All the subversions of the principles of the rule of law described above can occur. The abuses are, however, much less likely to happen when a rule of law culture is strong. When considering the significance of the rule of law, Martin Kry ­gier argues that we need to ask three key questions. The first is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What we are trying to achieve?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This ques ­tion, he says, is best answered by contrasting the rule of law with its alternative, the arbitrary exercise of power. This is the evil that the rule of law is trying to curb. The second question is: What are the main reasons for wishing to curb the arbitrary exercise of power? One widely agreed reason is to prevent or reduce the fear of harm and oppression. We rely upon the law to protect us from harm from other individuals or groups in our society. To do this effectively there have to be widely accepted rules of behaviour and sanctions for those who fail to observe those rules. We also need protection from the arbitrary actions of the state itself. This is best achieved by requiring governments to operate under laws that conform to the character of the rule of law. The third question is: How do we best encourage beneficial interactions among citizens? There is need for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legitimate expectationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between citizens without which their rela ­tionships will be uncertain and at times dangerous. Pre ­dictability is one need and security another. Clarity about the rules affecting relationship s between citizens is a third. In this way citizens are made aware of their rights and responsibilities vis-ÃÆ'  -vis each other.[11] [12] Criticism on Rule of Law: There is most strong one criticism on rule of law is that, which it is fail to deal with the supremacy of the law making body which is Parliament. If the parliament make a law which is in a way of it or which create contradiction to the rule of law. But it is still the law and there is nothing that the courts can do about it. Conclusion: In my point of view, the rule of have over the course of Australian history together formed our concept of justice. Overall, the rule of law is considered to be one of the fundamental doctrines of the constitution of the Australia. Constitutions are concerned with the allocation of power and the control of its exercise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Government of laws and not of menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  this was said by Aristotle way back in Ancient Greece. Without the doctrine of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ËÅ"the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ our government would be undemocratic and would be deemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the rule of menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in which certain members were exempt from the law and would not be equitable. In my conclusion, the rule of law refers to two elements. First, government powers should be checked and secondly law and order should maintain all the time. In other words, all power and action of the government must be legal and authorized by the law and action of the government must within the prescribed legal area. Bibliography Internet: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule Of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Free Dictionary, https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule Of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ WikiPedia, https://wikipedia.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Legal Obligation and Authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Stamford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stamford Encyclopedia of Authority, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-obligation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Law council of Australia https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/lawcouncil/index.php/divisions/international-division/rule-of-law The Rule of Law Instituteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Principles , rule f law institute of Australia https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/principles/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is rule of law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ world justice project https://worldjusticeproject.org/what-rule-law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1328context=bjil Cooray, M. The Australian Achievement: From Bondage to Freedom, https://www.ourcivilisation.com/cooray/btof/index18.htm A discussion of principles of the rule of law in an Austral ­ian liberal context. Li, B. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is Rule of law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Perspectives, vol. 1(5),https://www.oycf.org/Perspectives2/5_043000/what_is_rule_of_law.htmA discussion of the meaning and the ideals of law. United Nations and the Rule of Law https://www.un.org/en/ruleoflaw/index.shtmlA description of the United Nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ commitment to the principle of the rule of law. Books Articles: R Fitzgerald and M Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, 1988. R Hughes, The Fatal Shore, Harvil Press, London, 1987. Australian Law Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2013). D C Pearce and R S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation In Australia, (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed, 2011). Michelle Sanson et al, Connecting With Law (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2013). Adjami, Mirna, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“African Courts, International Law, and Comparative Case-Law: Chimera or Emerging Human Rights Jurisprudence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Michigan Journal of International Law 164(24) (2002): 103-167. Banik, Dan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Legal Empowerment as a Conceptual and Operation Tool in Poverty Eradication.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hague Journal on Rule of Law 1 (2009): 117-131. Bergling, Per. Rule of Law on the International Agenda: International Support to Legal and Judicial Reform in International Administration, Transition and Development Co-operation. Intersentia, 2006. Bodanksy, Daniel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  American Society of International Law 93(3) (1999): 596-624. DvDs: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Microsoft ® Encarta Premium ®, 2009. Microsoft Corporation, 2009. [1] https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rule+of+law [2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by Aristotle, translated by William Ellis, Chapter 3 [3] TheOxford English Dictionary [4] Wormuth, Francis.The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism, page 28 (1949) [5] Albert Venn Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Macmillan and Co, 8th ed, 1926) 198à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"9. [6] NSW SC, 15 November 1838. [7] NSW SC, 26 November 1838. [8] (Albert Venn Dicey, Law of the Constitution, Lon ­don: MacMillan, 9th ed., 1950, p.194). [9] Clarence Ling, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Martin Krygierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contribution to the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vol.4 the Western Australian Jurist 211 [10] Ibid. [11] Martin Krygier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Marxism, Communism, and Narcissismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1990) 15 Law and Social Enquiry 709, 730 [12] Martin Krygier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ethical Positivism and the Liberalism of Fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢ in Tom Campbell and Jeffrey Goldsworthy (ed), Judicial Power, Democracy and Legal Positivism (Dartmouth, 1999) 59, 64.

The United States Department Of Homeland Security

Abstract As communities and public safety agencies prepare their communities to deal with possible terrorism, community policing models are effectively drawn upon for a better enforcement of preparedness. Efforts by federal and state governments are mindful of the production for events of the 1960 s Civil Defense but as a result of 9/11, there has been more action for cities and towns to develop response plans for any type of local terrorist incidents. The safety of the public is most important and falls into the hands of government agencies. Community policing encourages community input and involvement. The Priorities of Investigative Tactics of Law Enforcement The United States of America experienced one of the worst terrorist attacks in history whereby more than 3000 people lost their lives on September 11, 2001. In an effort to combat terrorism, President George W. Bush pushed for the enactment of the Homeland Security Act in 2002, which became effective on March 1, 2003. It involved reorganization of several United States’ government civil agencies, forming the United States Department of Homeland Security. The goal was not however to take care of terrorism but also included protection against other hazards, whether human-made or natural disasters (9/11 Attacks - Facts Summary - HISTORY.com, n.d.). However, the reorganization has had an impact in the way criminal investigations are conducted, trammeling the liberties of Americans. Crime investigation is oneShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema ) Of The United States Department Of Homeland Securit y1702 Words   |  7 PagesOne dominant agency is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the United States Department of Homeland Security. 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Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflageRead MoreThe Transportation Service Administration Directorate1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Transportation Service Administration directorate, which is a directorate under the department of homeland security. The main purpose of this directorate is to ensure the safety of the United States’ transport infrastructure. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of the TSA and determine whether they are in alignment with the objectives of the department of homeland security. This ensures that the directorate works towards achieving the overall goal of the DHS as stipulatedRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY HOMELAND SECUIRTY Brittany Staley HLSS302: Paper #2 May 11, 2014 In the years since 9/11, homeland security has turn out to be frequently and generally identified as both a word and as a Federal department. 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Homeland security was created not that long ago. It is located in Washington DC in the Nebraska Avenue Complex and that’s where it started.Read MoreDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some 360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden the definition of† the

A Couple Of Yahoos Essay Example For Students

A Couple Of Yahoos Essay David Filo was born in Wisconsin 1966 to Jerry, an architect, and Carol, an accountant, but he was raised in Moss Bluff, Louisiana. There they live in what is called an alternative community. They live semi-communally with six other families, sharing gardening duties and a kitchen. Filo attended Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, receiving a bachelors degree in computer engineering. He continued his education at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Jerry Yang was born Chih-Yuan Yang in Taiwan in 1968, and was raised by his mother, Lily, an English and drama teacher, after his father died when he was only two. He immigrated to the United States when he was ten years old with his mother, grandmother, and younger brother, Ken, settling in the Berryessa suburb of San Jose. Yang spoke Mandarin Chinese and hardly any English, but soon learned it and became a strait-A student. He was admitted to Stanford University, where he obtained his bachelors and masters degree in electrical engineering in 1990. It was there that he met David Filo. Filo and Yang were doctoral students in computer engineering. As one of their assignments they were working on the computer-aided design of computer chip circuitry. For this project they were set up in an office which was really a trailer that was filled with computers and equipment. I was terribly bored, Filo stated, And with our faculty advisor out of town we started to fool around on the World Wide Web. They soon became very frustrated with the World Wide Web. It seriously lacked any type of organization. The only was to access a page was to know the URL, or the address to the website. At the time there were books being published with lists of different sites and their addresses, however, this proved to not be very useful as website addresses change quite frequently, so that the books were outdated before they even hit the press. Filo and Yang came up with the idea to provide a kind of roadmap for online users. They designed some software that organized web pages into topics and that could be used immediately to link, or go to those pages. In early 1994, Jerrys Guide to the World Wide Web was born, and the name was later revised to Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web. The two provided the service free to all Stanford users. Later that summer the system was dubbed Yahoo! The name is supposed to mean: Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, but Yang and Filo insist that they selected the name because they consider themselves to be Yahoos. Soon Yahoo! became so busy that Stanfords computers began to crash with all of the Internet traffic. Stanford demanded that they move their program elsewhere. At this point, Yang and Filo were receiving numerous offers to by the program Internet Giants including, America Online and Netscape Navigator. But Filo and Yang refused to sell out, they believed that they could become more successful running the system by themselves. Today Yahoo! has grown to become the worlds favorite guide to the Internet. With more 800,000 users, Yahoo is contacted over 7 million times a day. All the Internet user needs to do is click on Yahoo! and a list of topics ranging from arts to social sciences appears in alphabetical order. Yahoo! also has chat, mail, shopping, and personalizing features. It also has a search engine for children called Yahooligans. After all of their success, David Filo and Jerry yang are still pretty much the same guys they were when all of it began. They dont even care that they have so much money, its just not that important to them. They still live like college kids.

Public Health for Health Promotion Theory- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Health Promotion Theory. Answer: Public health program planning and evaluation have gained immense prominence in the recent past against the increasing incidences of public health issues. A rich pool of literature has drawn the attention of stakeholders on the needs of imbedding professionalism across diverse health disciplines who would be responsible for the development, implementation and evaluation of health programs in the near future. Public health program planning is to follow a set of guidelines that are based on the knowledge and experience of evaluators and planners (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 2014). Cragg (2013) points out that a number of models have emerged based on evidence that aims to chalk out a suitable public health program implementation and evaluation. Such models have been known to act as the framework based on which the planning process can be carried out. Two examples of such models are the Issel Model and the Hawe et al. Model. These models might have some common elements to them, but they ar e distinct from each other. Each phase of the models has their own set of importance and relevance to public health outcomes. The present essay is in public health program planning, implementation and evaluation, as explained through two models. The first part of the essay describes the Issel model and its five stages. The first stage of assessment of community needs and assets is critically reviewed, and its relation with other stages is established. The rationale between why it is a cyclical model is stated, and the model is compared with the Hawe et a. Model. Example from literature is cited for explaining the Issel model. The second part of the essay briefly describes the public health program Australian Indigenous Wellness Program in Australia and the importance of planning the program and implementing it. The end of the essay establishes the program strategies, objectives and goals and the importance of each of these three elements. A logical conclusion is provided at the end of the essay. Issel and Wells (2017) have put forward a constructive model for a public health program that has been refereed to as a foundational base for developing efficient public health programs across the world. The model proposed by Issel has been popular amongst its advocates due to its simplicity and relevance to modern day public health problems. It integrates the principles of resolutions to public health concerns into program operations. The aim is to uphold innovation and evidence-based practice for achieving outcome improvements and understanding program impacts. The idea is that a timely and in-detailed understanding of the further needs would save resources and help in achieving the objectives within a short span of time. This would thereby promote translation of program findings into practice. Guided by the different stages of the model, the primary approach of the programs can evolve with time. The model described by Issel allows strong collaboration between stakeholders to focus on common goals. The five stages of a public health program according to Issel are Assessment of community needs and assets; program planning; program implementation; program process evaluation and program effect evaluation. Going by the model laid by Issel, the initial stage of assessment of community needs and assets is the most crucial and important stage of a public health program. The purpose of such assessment is to learn and identify adequately the population of interest, the issues faced by the population, the trends in public health system, the major factors hindering the implementation of a public health program, the strengths of the population and the prospects of bringing improvement in the community based on the strengths. The group requiring special attention within the community would be the focus point. This phase involves the identification of the present situation of the community and the aspects that make the situation better or worse. The possible actions that can be taken for addressing the situation can be adjudged based on this data. The situational analysis of the needs of the community has to be accurate to the optimal extent in order to have a successful program (Brownson et al. 2017). The model proposed by Issel is outright a cyclical model, with the last phase of program effect evaluation being linked with a next level assessment of community needs and assets, the latter relying on the former one. This implies that the results of the program effect evaluation indicate whether there is a need for conducting a more detailed assessment of the community to understand its need. The other four stages of the model can follow after that as deemed fit. The model is distinct from the model proposed by Hawa and fellow researchers. (McKenzie et al. 2016). This model does not elaborate the phase of evaluation of the program, in contrast to the model of Issel. The number of tools and aids to be used for the evaluation phase is, therefore, less in number. In addition, the model of Issel has a major emphasis on program theory, unlike the model of Hawe. Program theory is a conceptual plan that has some details regarding how the program is expected to be carried out and what the p rogram is about. It is the comprehensive overview of the program. The model of Hawe does not emphasise on process theory and effect theory, the two prime components of program theory. It does not consider the relationship of interventions with a health problem to a detailed extent. Issel and Wells (2017) have outlined a brief example of how the public health model of Issel can be applied in practice. The program considers smoking cessation agenda. The needs of the community pertaining to the urgency of smoking cessation are to be analysed by collecting quantitative data that highlights the prevalence of smoking within the community. The next step would be to understand the factors that motivate individuals to quit smoking. The successive step would be to outline a program that ensures that individuals quit smoking within the desired time frame. The strategies need to be aligned with the objectives of the program and based on the assessment of needs and assets. For example, if the individual can be influenced by social media messages, this needs to be the focus of intervention. The following stage needs to evaluate whether the process of message dissemination is effective or not. This can be done by subjective data collection. The last stage would be to evaluate whether results of the program is effective. This can be done by collecting objective data reflecting the incidences of smoking cessation within the population in the set time frame. Australia has witnessed the implementation of a number of robust public health programs that address the diverse needs of the population at different levels. Oen such program that has drawn attention in recent times is the Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program). The program has the aim of preventing the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes among the Aboriginal communities of Western Australia. The vision of the program is to develop a sustainable community health plan that ensures that the aboriginal population is able to manage their own care with respect to diabetes. The program incorporates the prevention, management and care of diabetes. The program has been planned as a response to the diabetes prevalence among this population in Australia since diabetes leads to a huge social and economic burden for the country. The needs assessment of the population indicates that if diabetes is prevented to a considerable extent, the overall health burden c an be reduced. The impact that diabetes has on the community is targeted to be changed drastically in the coming years. The program has been established by the Caritas Australia's partner, Unity of First People of Australia (UFPA) which is an organisation dedicated to aboriginals for addressing a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes (Pressick et al. 2016). The Australian Indigenous Wellness Program has been implemented with some sound strategies in place. These strategies rest on the need for reducing the economic and social burden of diabetes. The elementary strategy considered by the program is lifestyle changes. Promotion of healthy lifestyles lies at the cornerstone of the program aimed at enhancing the lives of individuals living in remote areas. Activities are undertaken that utilises the strengths of the individuals and lead to a comprehensive spiritual, cultural and physical wellbeing. Education is provided through different stages, categorising individuals as per their needs. The care givers are supported with adequate resources, advocacy and training so that they can share their knowledge and achieve the desired program outcomes. The implementation of the program is done in such a manner that it integrates and coordinates approaches for eliminating diabetes. The prime guiding principles underpinning the programs goals include cooperation among stakeholders, facilitation of self-care, reduction of health inequalities and measurement of health outcomes (healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au 2017). According to Eldredge et al. (2016) any public health program must have a discreet set of program goal, objectives and strategies. Goals and objectives of the program are defined as the important standards and criteria against which the performance of the program can be examined. As per the authors, a program goal is the broad statement that defines the long-term expectation of the outcomes of the program. This is the desired result that the program would give rise to. Goals serve up as the basis of development of the objectives of the program. In this context, a program objective is a statement that describes the expected results of the program and how they arse to be achieved. Usually, a program has multiple objectives for a single goal. A program strategy consigns to the cautious planning of methods that acts as the tool for achieving the desired goals and objectives. It is an act of employing forces addressing the needs of the program so that the change can be brought about as de sired. Public health program goals, objectives and strategies are all intertwined and dependent on each other. All programs must have a clear understanding of where it emerges from; that is the goals and objectives. It must also be transparent about what it is striving to accomplish and how it can be accomplished; this is the strategy. Without objectives and goals there can be no outcomes, and without strategies, the goals and objectives are of no use. Strategies are the measurable aspect of the objectives and goals of the program. The items are exclusively measurable and are to be prearranged prior to the implementation of the program (Powell et al. 2017). While goals are the main desired outcome of the program, objectives are the measurable and specific results that the initiatives would have. They offer the specification about how much is to be achieved and by what time. In other words, the goals and more narrowed down by the objectives. Strategies provide direction and guidance for completing the program within the stipulated time. In addition, it facilitates the overall planning process of the program. The evaluation and monitoring of the program performance are facilitated to the optimal extent. Since the importance of a clear goal and set of objectives cannot be denied, they must not be overlooked while outlining these critical elements. Without goals and objectives, the strategies would wander without any aim (Sharma 2016). It is noted that program goals, objectives and strategies are interlinked and together ensure the success of the health program. Each of them provides the foundational ground for adjudging the achievement of the respective program. The success of the program can be thoroughly verified by aligning the results with project objectives, and right decision can be taken if strategies are to be reformed (Drain et al. 2017). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that public health programs can be conceptualised as a wide array of programmatic interventions spanning a wide social-ecological range, starting from individual level and reaching up to population level programs. Examples of successful public health programs have frequently been cited in the literature. Promoting a public health focus gives ample opportunities to exhibit the manner in which such programs target populations at different levels. The interventions and strategies behind them are unique in all respects. A wide range of concepts and practical tools are required for developing and evaluating public health programs that are considered by the evaluation consultants. The key findings from the evaluation are then to be disseminated in a manner that is understandable by the individuals of the community in order to bring about major changes pertaining to public health. Public health programs augment the interests of public heath adv ocates as they come forward as a multidisciplinary program teams to bring positive changes. A number of public health program models have been discussed in contemporary literature, each with a distinct set of salient features. Two such models include the model proposed by Issel and the one proposed by Hawe. The former model is an elaborated health program model with each stage resting on a number of principles. Though the Isser model is complicated owing to the extensive number of detailed stages, it can be commented that is a more advanced model as compared to that of Hawe model. A number of health programs are present in Australia in recent times that address the diverse needs of the population. One such program is Australian Indigenous Wellness Program that aims to reduce the prevalence of diabetes among the aboriginal population. The program is famous since it has a defined and transparent set of goals and measurable objectives. The importance of program goals and objectives are imperative and strategies to achieve the results have to be completely aligned with the objectives. Public health programs might face a number of challenges in its implementation phase, which are to be overcome through rigouros evaluation of the process and outcomes measures. It is expected that with the application of modern and advanced models, public health programs would achieve new heights. References Brownson, R.C., Baker, E.A., Deshpande, A.D. and Gillespie, K.N., 2017.Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press. Cragg, L. ed., 2013.Health promotion theory. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Drain, P.K., Mock, C., Toole, D., Rosenwald, A., Jehn, M., Csordas, T., Ferguson, L., Waggett, C., Obidoa, C. and Wasserheit, J.N., 2017. The emergence of undergraduate majors in global health: systematic review of programs and recommendations for future directions.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene,96(1), pp.16-23. Eldredge, L.K.B., Markham, C.M., Ruiter, R.A., Kok, G. and Parcel, G.S., 2016.Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au. (2017).Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program) Programs and projects Key resources Australian Indigenous HealthInfoNet. [online] Available at: https://www.healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au/key-resources/programs-projects?pid=345 [Accessed 4 Sep. 2017]. Issel, L.M. and Wells, R., 2017.Health program planning and evaluation. Jones Bartlett Learning. McKenzie, J.F., Pinger, R.R. and Seabert, D., 2016.An introduction to community public health. Jones Bartlett Learning. Powell, B.J., Beidas, R.S., Lewis, C.C., Aarons, G.A., McMillen, J.C., Proctor, E.K. and Mandell, D.S., 2017. Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies.The journal of behavioral health services research,44(2), pp.177-194. Pressick, E.L., Gray, M.A., Cole, R.L. and Burkett, B.J., 2016. A systematic review on research into the effectiveness of group-based sport and exercise programs designed for Indigenous adults.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,19(9), pp.726-732. Sharma, M., 2016.Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Tulchinsky, T.H. and Varavikova, E.A., 2014.The new public health. Academic Press.

An Interview with a Small Business Owner Essays

An Interview with a Small Business Owner Essays An Interview with a Small Business Owner Paper An Interview with a Small Business Owner Paper Interview Questions for Business Owners A Local Favorite After graduating college, my plan Is to open up a small sporting goods store In my hometown of Baltimore, Maryland. When decline who I wanted to interview, at the last minute I changed my mind and chose Alan Davis, owner of Princeton Sports and Goods In Columbia, Maryland. I chose to Interview him because of his path he has traveled through life and the steps he has taken to be the best business owner he can be. He is resourceful and knowledgeable, and he is very charitable, giving to charities and other events that fuel the community of Columbia, Maryland. Mr.. Davis is halfway through completing his masters. He got his bachelors degree from University of Maryland, and he is currently finishing up there by taking one or two classes a year. His degree is in Business, Personnel Management, and Advertising. He is the third generation in his family to own Princeton Sports and Goods, and he did an Incredible amount of volunteer work during and after college. Mr.. Davis worked his way up the ladder at Princeton Sports, and I feel this Is honorable. He Is very smart and he knows business well. Princeton Sports Is a landmark In Baltimore, and he runs the store effectively and efficiently. I would Like to be Like this after I graduate college because he Is well-respected and well known In the sporting goods aspect of sales in Maryland. The part of the interview I found most interesting was where Mr.. Davis noted that he had done An INCREDIBLE amount after college. I have served on almost every board in Howard County Including help form the Police Foundation and The Festival of the Arts. I am currently on the Howard County General Hospital Foundation Board. I found this interesting because for some reason I believed that volunteer work would top after college, and I would go on to living a normal life. Mr.. Davis does a lot of volunteer work now, even when he doesnt have to. Mr.. Davis Isnt all business. He is an expert skier, and he Is well known In the area for that. He also admitted that he has had some fun Jobs, working at a ski buyer and Snob Hausa SSL Shop In Long Island, a Job that I personally find very Interesting. It seems like Mr.. Davis knows how to have fun and how to succeed in business very easily. He even believes his job is fun, saying l own a toy store, everything is fun. Mr.. Davis is a true inspiration to me, leading a business that started with his grandfather and has grown to be one of the biggest sporting empires in the Baltimore Area. He still volunteers and works for charities, even after he has hit the top of the career ladder for himself. Mr.. Davis has taught me that hard work and preparation for the future are the keys to success later in life. From this assignment I learned that I would need to work hard and have a lot of volunteer work to do. I also learned that I shouldnt expect a great Job right out of allege, that I would probably be starting off by selling skis or living In a box or something. I also learned that its okay to volunteer even after Vive hit the point of success In my career. I have realized that volunteer hours after they are not needed look very good for a persons character. I Nils Interview NAS not change my calicles to nave my own sporting goods store In the future. I find Mr.. Davis inspiring and intelligent, and I strive to be like him when I get older, so I can profit and have a career close to his. I respect him very much and I hope to be like him when I get older.

Biography of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair

Biography of Miriam Benjamin, Inventor of Signal Chair Miriam Benjamin (September 16, 1861–1947) was a Washington, D.C. school teacher and the second black woman to receive a patent in the United States, given to her in 1888 for an invention she called a Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels. This device might seem to be a bit quaint, but its successor is still used daily- the flight attendant call button on commercial aircraft. Fast Facts: Miriam Benjamin Known For:  Second black woman to receive a patent, she invented the Gong and Signal Chair for HotelsBorn:  September 16, 1861 in Charleston,  South Carolina  Parents: Francis Benjamin and Eliza BenjaminDied:  1947Education: Howard University, Howard University Law SchoolAwards:  Patent number 386,289Notable Quote: From her patent application: The chair would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Early Life Benjamin was born as a free person in Charleston, South Carolina, on September 16, 1861. Her father was Jewish and her mother was black. Her family moved to Boston, Massachusetts, where her mother  Eliza hoped to give her children access to good schooling. Education and Career Miriam attended high school in Boston. She later moved to Washington, D.C. and was working as a schoolteacher when she received her patent for the Gong and Signal Chair in 1888. She continued her education at Howard University, first attempting medical school. These plans were interrupted when she passed the civil service exam and got a federal job as a clerk. She later graduated from Howard University law school and became a solicitor of patents. In 1920, she moved back to Boston to live with her mother and work for her brother, noted attorney Edgar Pinkerton Benjamin. She never married. Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels Benjamins invention allowed hotel customers to summon a waiter from the comfort of their chair. A button on the chair would buzz the waiters station and a light on the chair would let the wait staff know who wanted service. Her patent notes that this invention would serve to reduce the expenses of hotels by decreasing the number of waiters and attendants, to add to the convenience and comfort of guests and to obviate the necessity of hand clapping or calling aloud to obtain the services of pages. Anyone who has tried to get the attention of a waiter, especially when they have all seemingly disappeared into the woodwork, might wish this had become a standard in every restaurant. Patent number 386,289 was issued to Miriam Benjamin on July 17, 1888. Her invention received attention from the press. Miriam Benjamin lobbied to have her Gong and Signal Chair adopted by United States House of Representatives, in order to signal pages. The system that was eventually installed there resembled her invention. The Inventive Benjamin Family Miriam was not alone in her inventiveness. The Benjamin family made use of the education their mother Eliza valued so highly. Lude Wilson Benjamin, four years younger than Miriam, received U.S. Patent number 497,747 in 1893 for an improvement on broom moisteners. He proposed a tin reservoir that would attach to a broom and drip water onto the broom to keep it moist so it wouldnt produce dust as it swept. Miriam E. Benjamin was the original assignee for the patent. Edgar P. Benjamin, the youngest in the family, was an attorney and philanthropist who was active in politics. But he also received U.S. Patent number 475,749 in 1892 for a trousers protector, a clip to keep trousers out of the way while bicycling. Death Miriam Benjamin died in 1947. The circumstances of her death are not published. Legacy Benjamin was the second African-American woman to receive a United States patent, after Sarah E. Good, who invented the folding cabinet bed three years prior in 1885. Benjamins invention was the precursor to the flight attendant call button, a key tool for customer service in the airline industry. Sources Brodie, James Michael. Created Equal The Lives and Ideas of Black American Innovators. William Morrow and Co. Inc., 1993Mahoney, Eleanor. â€Å"Miriam E. Benjamin (1861-1947) BlackPast.†Ã‚  BlackPast, 14 Mar. 2019.Miriam E. Benjamin: African American Inventor. MyBlackHistory.net.

3 MGT-TD - Organizational Culture and Change Coursework

3 MGT-TD - Organizational Culture and Change - Coursework Example In addition, the results obtained exceed their expectations. As a manager, transforming a group to a high-performance team would commence by creating a team from this particular set of people. Then I would provide the team with all resources required to improve their performance (Goffee & Jones, 2013). The resources may include more advanced tools of work like an exceptional IT system. Additionally, the team would comprise of individuals from all departments in the organization. Synergy provides the ability to group members to put together ideas and come up with a strategy that exceeds the creativity of one individual. It also enables a group to outperform their best individual. Group thinking is the ability of a set of employees to come into a consensus without creation conflicts. In group thinking, an agreement is reached without the consideration of alternative options thus minimizing effectiveness (Goffee & Jones, 2013). In an organization, promotion of synergy can be easily done by requiring teams to provide more than one solution to a problem. Goffee & Jones (2013) assert that promoting synergy while eliminating group thinking by creating an award system that honors individual performance in a

Tourism Management Course Work Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tourism Management Course Work - Assignment Example 5. Identify five motivations for travel of Europeans during Roman times, the Middle Ages, and Tudor times. Do such motivations exist today? Answer: Motivations for travel during ancient, medieval, and Tudor periods consisted of many reasons including visiting family, political purposes, trade, exploration, and military objectives. All of these motivations for travel still exist in modern contexts. The primary difference between ancient forms of travel and modern forms is that it takes a great deal less time to get from one place to another, and where 50 miles was once a great distance, it is now an hour in an automobile. 6. How important are the motives of discovery and curiosity? Answer: The types of interests that are stimulated during a holiday are vital in defining how important discovery and curiosity are in terms of travel. When on a vacation based on seeing more of the world, these two aspects are vital and central to the experience. If the purpose is to relax and enjoy the en vironment, they are diminished a bit, but still important as new experiences stimulate and create new memories. 8. Provide a few examples of how a person's travel needs change over a life span. Answer: Financial considerations will change as a person ages, their ability to travel based upon the amount of funds available towards that pursuit. When one is young, travel is defined by others who choose where one will travel. As one grows older, business purposes may provide for travel needs, as well as the need to decompress. Travel becomes defined more clearly by interests. As age approaches, an individual will become more limited on how they respond to their environment. How those limitations are manifested will contribute to determining how travel will be achieved and what kind of travel will best suit the intended purposes of the individual. 9. Give an example of travel experience overstimulation (mental or physical exhaustion or both). Similarly, give an example of boredom (too lit tle stimulation). Answer: Walt Disneyworld in Orlando Florida is an example of overstimulation as there is so much to see that often families do not plan for rest appropriately. It becomes a marathon to get to the end of the vacation having seen as much as possible. Boredom can be found in a place that has a beach venue, the idleness on the beach not providing enough stimulation to feel how different the experience is to daily life. The beach, however, is still lovely. Chapter 10 1. Evaluate culture as a travel motivator. Answer: Culture is motivational where travel is concerned in relationship to how one culture interchanges their understandings and meanings with another through activities that are designed for discovery. How a culture views travel is central to the purposes that travel is used for. 3. Give an example of a cultural experience that would be most satisfying to a visitor in a country much different from his or her own. Answer: Food is one of the most interesting ways in which to experience a culture that is different from one’s own. Understanding the relationship of food to the individuals within a culture and how it is used in regard to their traditions can provide an informative framework for meaningful discovery. 4. Create a life-seeing tourism program in your community. Answer: In creating a life-seeing tou

Reflection 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection 9 - Essay Example Such companies as Walmart, Walgreens and others are proving that healthy and fresh food sales can bring even higher revenue than those of fast or junk one (Obama 116). Gradually, companies start to sell more healthy products, which, as a result, become more affordable to people and the demand grows. Consequently, manufacturers also receive more money. As such, â€Å"healthier food options make good business sense† (Obama 116). On the other hand, the idea of healthy eating and lifestyle should be actively promoted among ordinary people, especially children. The latter should understand its benefits and effects on their general well-being and even future life and success. The idea of cooperation, or as I decided to call it – â€Å"joint efforts†, is related to original complexity of the obesity problem which has nationwide dimensions nowadays. Instead of, for instance, investing into curing diseases caused by obesity (diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, risks of heart stroke, etc.), big companies could monetarily support production and spread of healthy food items so it became cheaper and more available for people â€Å"living in low-income areas† (Khullar 126). Thus, step by step â€Å"good† food could replace â€Å"high-fat, high-calorie, low-nutrient† (Khullar 126) menus of shops and restaurants in preference to fresh and useful meals. Additionally, the reduction of junk and fast food advertising would contribute to the promotion of healthy lifestyle. Hence, in the essay I described the ideas of healthy eating awareness and joint efforts needed to promote it - two most capturing thoughts expressed in Michelle Obamas and Dhruv Khullars articles – directed at resolving not only physical but social problem of

Comparing different international HRM strategies

Comparing different international HRM strategies Human Resources Management is a planned approach to managing people effectively for performance. It aims to establish a more open, flexible management style so that staff will be motivated, developed and managed in a way that they can give their best to support departments missions. Good HRM practices are instrumental in helping departmental objectives and enhance productivity. For the purpose of sharing expeience and providing reference in launching HRM initiatives. HRM Good Practices Since launching HRM movement in 1994 in the civil service, Civil Service Bureau has sponsore and individual departments have introduce various HRM initiatives. In taking HRM forward, we need strategic and integrated approach in managing people effectively for performance. In taking a strategic and integrated approach, HRM is linked to the department strategic direction in a systematic way. Such an approach is often reflected in the following practices clarifying a department strategic direction by way of articulating its Vision, Mission and Values statement; establishing the strategic linkage and integrating HR programmes through a HRM Plan projecting its short to long term human resource need through a Manpower Plan. At the same time, all manager must adopt a more open, flexible and caring style in managing their staff. Such an approach is reflected in number of ways. The three most common practices are managing people effectively for performance through an open Performance Management System that call for individual objectives tied to departmental objectives, regular coaching, and developing staff on job; enhancing staff competencies to perform better through effectively training people to achieve departmental objective and results LITREATURE REVIEW 1)Similarities and Differences in Human Resource Management in the European Union Sources: Thunderbird International Business Review, Vol. 45(6) 729-755 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ November-December 2003  © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). European authors have acknowledged that HRM originally developed in the United States.. European writer; Hendry Pettigrew, have been critical of apply American HRM views to other countries, especially Europe.Such criticism is entirely valid. A theoretical or practice HR model developed in the cultural context of one country should not indiscrimiately applied to another country without testing the cultural biases of its assumption..While the U.S. influence in HRM has been criticized,there is also a particular fondness among some European HRM academic writers to compare and contrast European with U.S. HRM. Brewster and Bournois posed the following question as a point of departure to justify such a comparison, To what extent there is sufficient similarity in Europe to require us to question whether there may not be significant difference between HRM in Europe as a whole and the United States of America? The comparison point out that in Europe, HRM is less dependent,companies have less autonomy and freedom of action, trade unionism is more important, the social partners have more influence,legal regulations are more important, and there is a stronger tradition of employee involvement. Brewster and Hegewisch push the comparison between European and American HRM even further and justify the existence of a European HRM model based on these differences. They conclude that,There are identifiable difference between the way in which HRM is conducted in Europe and that of the United States, a difference which allows us to speak of a European form of HRM . Brewster and Bournois also speak of two paradoxical trends that run through HRM in Europe. On the one hand there are clear country difference that can be understood and explained in the context of each national culture and its manifestations in history, laws, institutions, and employee organizations. On the other hand, there is an difference between the ways in which HRM is conducted in Europe vs the United States Brewster has made important contribution in pioneering the notion that there is a European HRM tradition distinct from others.He must be credited with being the first to attempt to develop a European model of HRM distinct from existing U.S. model. His European HRM model locates organizational issues within sectorial and national influences. However, according to Clark and Mallory , Brewsters European model has four main problems. First, talking abut European HRM is an example of reductionism that fails to take into account the cultural diversity of the European nations. Second,Brewster overestimates the level of autonomy enjoyed by HR manager and organizations in the United States. Third, his model is potentially culturally conditioned and inherently ethnocentric. 2) Changes in HRM in Europe: A longitudinal comparative study among 18 European countries Sources: http://www.emeraldinsight.com/ To examine HRM strategies and practices and HRM position within organizations in various cultural, economic and sociopolitical contexts from a longitudinal perspective. Findings The overall picture is that the 18 countries form two major clusters. Countries in Europe can be systematically clustered in a North/West-South/East distinction, regarding HRM practices. There is no indication of convergence between the major clusters. However, movement from one cluster to another was observed, with Italy and East Germany moving to the North-western cluster. Research limitations/implications The level of analysis, which is HR practice at a national) and regional level, is a methodological limitation of the present study. Analysis at this level conceals qualitative differences between countries, which are important in the contextual paradigm. Practical implications The issue of convergence in HR practices has important implications for HR managers in multinationals who operate in Europe and the transferability of HR practices. Originality/value This paper addresses the issue of whether over time there is an increasing Europeanisation (convergence) of HRM practices in Europe or not, by studying HR practices in 18 European countries. 3) Employers Find An Innovative Way To Escape The Growing Expense Of Providing References Sources:www.workpass.co.uk/calculator UK Unemployment is at its highest for over a decade and still rising fast. One unexpected impact of this trend has been to increase the administrative burden on Human Resource departments, whose staff are required to provide references for the rising number of former employee who are seeking jobs. Added to that is the growing scrutiny of landlord and lending organisation seeking to authenticate the salary detail of current employees, in the wake of recent scandals about irresponsible lending. It is all making managing references unacceptably time-consuming and costly for HR team, at a time when most businesses are seeking to find new efficiencies and save money. As a result, more and more employers are choosing to entrust reference management to the specialists at WorkPass. Using WorkPass is one of those rare things in business: a genuine no-brainer. Its an innovative, online solution thats able to handle all kinds of reference requests relating to both previous employees looking for work and current ones looking for, say, a bank loan or to rent a property. WorkPass is a wholly owned subsidiary of Verifile Ltd the UKs leading provider of pre-employment screening services. Its services are fully compliant with the Data Protection Act -which means that using WorkPass helps businesses pass the common compliance challenges associated with providing references over to WorkPass, thereby reducing their risks. Ben-Cohen continues: We take data protection very seriously. Thats why we make sure that each employee has control over who can access their data by letting them generate consent codes which provide controlled access to their details on our site. As well as effortlessly maintaining high levels of compliance, clients can provide a platinum service that enhances the good reputation of their organisation, while freeing up costly HR resource, helping them to deliver real and rapid cost savings. Uniquely on the market, WorkPass is offered as a free service to employers and employees. Reference-seekers instead pay a small access fee for the benefit of getting accurate and speedy responses to their online queries, often within seconds saving them time and money as well. Employers can offer a flexible choice of reference though WorkPass. These include providing basic references, confirming only dates of employment and position held; detailed references of the sort usually sought by financial institutions requiring confirmation of salary; and customised references, such as those required under compromise agreements. 4) The Human Resource Development function: the ambiguity of its status within the UK public service Source: http://ras.sagepub.com/cgi/content Improving performance thrugh better employee development practice is a recurrent theme within the UK public sector. Human Resource Development is seen as playing a pivotal role in this process. This article will review the role, structure and status of HRD with in the UK public service. It will consider the apparnt paradox that exists. On the one hand, the HRD function is reported to have a vital role in the developent of those working within public service organizatons. On the other hand, some hold the view that the reshaping the function is diminishing its status and influence. The article draws on the findings of the first phase of study examining the role, structure and status of the HRD function in UK public sector organization. Findings suggest that how the HRD function is presented and represented is problematic. 5) The Unique Recruiting and Human Resources Practices in Japan SOURCES:The Unique Recruiting and Human Resources Practices in Japan By Ames Gross and Larry Hewes Spring 1997 Published in International HR Journal EXECUTIVE SUMMARY à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Foreign firm attempting to enter the Japanese market must first acquaint themselves with Japans labor laws and human resource practices in order to be successful. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Although not required by statute, in Japan, workers generaly have lifetime employment with a single company. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ In Japan, promotions and increaes in responsibility are usually based on seniority, rather than solely on merit, and the promotion of a younger employee over more senior co workers can cause discomfort in the workplace. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ While Japan does have a national health system, many foreign company enroll their workers in a private health insurance plan, which are offered by foreign insurance companies. As matter of background, the Japanese economy is now recovering from a long period of recession and stagnation. It is a huge economy in world term, second only in power and size to that of the United States. In many way, Japans economy is superior to that of the United States; for example, Japan is the worlds largest creditor nation while the United States is the largest debtor nation. Japan run a trade surplus while the United States has a deficit, and the savings rate of Japans citizens far that of the United States. Japan has a population of 130 millions people, and its society which has been for centuries, and even during several decades, closed is opening up more and more to foreign commerce. For example, there are many more foreign car in Japan now than there were just 10 years ago, and hundreds of U.S. and European company now do business in Japan. Given the size of its market and its economic power, it behaves almost any U.S. business to look seriously at doing business with Japan. For some companies those whose products are so unique or who simply do not have the resources to establish a physical presence in Japan purely exporting may work, however, setting up an office in Japan and, of course, recruiting and hiring staff are the best way to go. However, one cannot do this successfully without understanding what the human resources issues and labor laws in Japan are, and how the written and unwritten traditions governing business and employment operate in that country. The purpose of this article is to provide foreign employer with some guideline on this subject. Recruiting, hiring, firing, termination, out placement, salary, title, and other basic subjects are covered. 6) The transferability of Japanese HRM practices to Thailand Jun Onishi Hirosaki University, Aomori, Japan This research examined the transferability of Japanese human resource management to Thailand. Attitude toward life-time employment, seniority system, consensual decision-making, quality circle, and house unions were considered. The sample included 560 managers and staff of Japanese companie in Thailand. The results indicate that all five practice except seniority are transferable. The Thai employees have more positive attitudes toward consensual decision-making, quality circles and house unions than the Japanese managers in the Japanese manufacturers in Thailand. Some Japanese managers think that consensual decision-making and quality circle are not appropriate or accepted in Thailand. This belief may limit the implementation of these practices. Regarding seniority, both the Japanese manger and the Thai employees agreed that performance should be evaluated by achievement, but years of service should be part of evaluation criteria. OBJECTIVES 1.To study HRM practices in Europe 2. To study structures operating within international companies across Europe. 3.To study the structure and operation of the European Union 4.To study the corporate culture in Europe RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Research would be undertaken through secondary data.The data collected from 1.Journals 2.Magazines 3.Internet 4.Books HR PRACTICES IN EUROPE HR in perspective across Europe A brief look at the economic and social context of the fifteen longer-established EU member states. Austria joined the EU in 1995. It has benefited greatly from both physically and linguistically close to Germany and it holds key position on transalpine transport routes. This small, but highly efficient, central European state has well-developed system of labour relations, a high level of employee involvement and a welfare system that, although generous, nevertheles incorporates a sufficient incentive to remain in work. Denmark has driven up its wage level to be the highest in the world by heavily taxing employees and relying heavily on collective bargaining to regulate pay and employment condition. However, it has one of the most skilled workforce in Europe and has been a pioneer in flexible working methods. This has helped Denmark to achieve high, sustained productivity level in recent years. Finland joined the EU in 1995. It has few natural resources and a complex language that could easily have become a barriers to international trade. However, it has been able to take full advantages of EU and eurozone membership to achieve a low level of price inflation and invest in its human capital to produce a highly skilled workforce. The Finnish economy has also benefited by employers being able to tap into ready supply of labour from the Baltic states. France has low level of unionisaton, but highly militant trade unions. The official stance towards foreign-owned multinational enterpries has often been hostile and there has been a tendency to overreact to corporate restructuing by the application of penal sanctions. The 35-hour week has not been a success and the French govenment is now trying to unpick itself from many of its past policies. Germany is the biggest and by far the most succesful of the older EU states. During the last two decades it has achieve a difficult transition in its eastern states from a system of state-run monopolie to a modern market economy. Complete integration has not, however, been fully achieved and a 20% wage gap still exists between eastern and western states. Neither has Germany been able to significanly narrow the equal pay gap between male and female employees. Greece joined the EU in 1981. It continues to be a country with many small employers, generally poor labour relations and government that have frittered away much of the economic gain from EU accession through unprodutive public spending and early retirement schemes. Statutory work obligations are commonly flouted, paricularly in leading sectors such as construction. Government employment data is generally weak, out of date and uneliable. Greece relies very heavily upon its tourism and agricultural industries and has not been successful at attacting a sustained volume of major inward investment projects. Moreover, it has never fully expited its physical location close to major external markets in the Middle East. Ireland provides the best ex within the EU of a small country overcoming its lack of natural resources and peripheral geogaphical position to become a true tiger economy. This has largely been achiev through a low rate of corporation tax, a sustained inward investment strategy and an open-door policy towards immigants from central and eastern Europe. Ireland has not focused on being a low-wage location, but has concentrated on minimising bureaucratic burden and keeping overhead such as social security costs to a minimum. Italy has overcome many of its past economic and political instability problems, and its most recent reform have helped to encourage flexibility and open up the labour market. However, it has still not overcome its major north-south economic divide, reduced the bureaucratic burden that it continues to place on employer, or resolved the inconsistent application of its complex employment laws. Spain joined the European Union in 1986 and was at first country burdened by poor labour productivity, tight employment protection laws and wage indxation. Although these problems have not entirely disappeard Spain is now western Europes second tiger economy, with rapid economic expansion driven by a property boom and a plentiful supply of low cost labour frm north Africa. Sweden joined the EU in 1995. During the 70s and 80s, Sweden had to undertake a major economic restructuring exercise to deal with a decline in it forestry and iron ore mining sectors. Its highly sophisticted and extensive welfare system helped to make this exercise a success. Since accession, however, the Swedish economy has underperformed. This is primarily due to the high tax burden imposed on ordinary workers to sustain the generous welfare provisions, the creation of a dependency culture, and the narrownes of pay differentials. The United Kingdom operate a very different corporate and work culture from the European continent. It has virtualy abandoned sectoral collective bargaining and has been reluctant to embrace formalised systems of employee participation. It has tended to take a minimalist approach to all EU social and employment Directives and has refused to join the eurozone. Although this has helped to encourage the growth of new enterprises, much of the UK advantage in attracting inward investment has been gained through its cultural and linguitic links with the USA. Labour costs, however, remain high by EU standard and productivity is well below the level that this degree of economic freedom should have achievd. Comparison between employment characteristics in EU15 and new EU states (averages) Employment characteristic EU15 States New EU States Employee cannot change own working methods 29% 37% Employees working on shifts 12.1% 23% Employees working on Sunday 6.5% 11.7% Employees with fixed-term/temporary job 10.5% 8.7% Employees working at night 4.4% 5.4% Employees with a second job 1.8% 5.2% Length of time in present job 10.9 years 13.4 years Length of working week 38.2 hours 44.4 hours Language training in workplace (av/yr) 4 hours 11 hours Management training in workplace (av/yr) 12 hours 7 hours The HRM concept remains undeveloped in many of established EU member states such as France and Germany. This is largely due to over-reliance on administrative procedures and company rules, the codetrmination powers of works councils, the prevalence of sectoral collective bargaining, and widespread union resistance to workplace innovation. It therefore remains uncertain how far HRM method will become the norm for managing personnel issues in the new member states. European HR trends Europe accounts for one-tenth of the world population. Two-thirds of Europeans live in countries that are member of the economic federation known as the European Union (EU). The proportion of the population (aged 15-64) who are employed in the EU is just 66.0%, compaed to 69.3% in Japan and 71.5% in the USA. The average employee in the EU works for 38.5 hours per week, 18% of the EU working population works part-time, 14.8% are on temporary contract and 5.1% of employees started their job in the last 3 months. 12.9% of the population agd 15-64 have undergone tertiary education and almost 10% of the EU population aged 25-64 take part in lifelong learning activitie. EU citizens spend 12.2% of GDP on pension and their average retirement age is 59.9 years. HR policies and strategies checklist The focus HR strategy over the last decade has been to find an ever-widening range of methods to cut cost and improve operational performance. These tend to be carried out irrespective of the current stage of the economic cycle or a company relative competitive position. Options which were once regarded as either in or out of fashion are now being assessed purely on their merit, and are being swiftly adopted if they seems likely to succeed. We have entered an era of corporates perfectionism in which almost anything is possible. The prevailing aim of companie is not just to be more efficient and effective than their business rivals, but to be so good that it will be dangerou for competitors to try to emulate their achievements. Cost saving Reduction of operational costs: redundancy delayering pay cuts and freezes increasing variable pay as percentage of total pay , recruitment freezes outsourcing removing deputy posts gain sharing -,rationalising company car policies maximising grants or subsidies. Control of overheads: relocation to lower-cost centres ,use of teleworkers cutting benefits rationalising back-office functions expense account audits trimming expense budgets extending the working day. Limitation of future liabilities: changing from defined benefit to defined contribution pension schemes removing incremental pay scales curtailing grade creep. Pain sharing: board pay cuts, HQ downsizing single status facilities limiting top management severance packages ,utplacement counselling. Operational flexibility Job flexibility: job design flexible working hours annual hours contracts time off in lieu (TOIL) time banking ,part-time working ,fixed-term contracts ,multi-skilled work teams. Pay and benefit flexibility: profit sharing employee share ownership share options self -service benefits. Operational flexibility: time management , improving managerial leverage , the 24/7 workplace use of freelance and temporary staff suggestion schemes. Human capital Encouragement of lifelong learning: individual learning accounts , action learning elearning cpd mentoring. Retention of know-how: strategy for older workers staged retirement ,removing age barriers knowledge management developing knowledge banks. Promotion of equal opportunities: removing glass ceiling equality training equal opportunities monitoring diversity policies positive action. Promotion of health and fitness: in-house fitness centre discounts on external facilities stress counselling company sports teams regular medicals. Performance effectiveness Use of performance management methods: benchmarking process rengineering management by objectives employee appraisal upward feedback (360 degree feedback) decentralization empowerment delegation quality circle open door policies performance incentive supply chain management HR system integration data mining and warehousing. Improvement of recruitment process: student sponsorship on-line recruitment automated scanning background checks positive vetting verification of cv data University ratings personality/literacy testing assessment centres head-hunting succession planning. Reduction of absenteeism: attendance bonuses- wellness programmes surveillance of those on long-term absence motivational programmes. Prevention of fraud and theft: expense claim audits ctv scanning whistleblowing schemes amnesties forensic audits. Further important element in HR management are softer policy concerns and personnel administration, together with legal compliances and the avoidance of litigation. Increased board visibility and accountability have become areas of concern following recent exposures of corporate irregularitie such as the Enron affair. Data privacy and security are also becoming more significant issues and are making the application of HR policies a much more complex task. Corporate culture Family-friendly workplace: work/life balance childcare eldercare parental leave emergency leave term time working job sharing flexible working arrangements sabbaticals. Corporate governance: annual social and environmental reports remuneration committee independent reviews visibility and accountability of corporate boards. Localisation: support for local events service contracts with SMEs replacement of expatriates with local employee environmental improvement schemes. Employee welfare: Dutch-style arbo services hospital visits disability counselling company social functions attendance at funeral long service awards flowers on birth of employees children car-sharing initiative season ticket loans. Legal and ethical compliance Safety: statutory obligations codes of conduct safety training , health and safety audits joint committees safety signs emergency procedures alcohol and drugs testing. Employment: statutory obligation custom and practice codes of conduct disability quotas collective agreements works councils European work councils. Privacy and security: codes of practice data security standards international transfers of personal data email monitoring subject access procedures emergency planning workplace security zoning. Personnel accounting: tax compliance ,- payroll procedures IAS 19 remuneration committees. Community: corporate social responsibility (CSR) work experience student exchange sponsorship. Labour courts and court systems in Europe Belgium There are two levels of specialist labour court in Belgium: Labour tribunals: Courts of first instance dealing primariy with individual employment contract issues. Labour courts: These hear appeals referred by tribunals and seek to resolve significant collective disputes. Each tribunal retains a team of labour prosecutor who may be called upon to provide opinions to the court and are also responsible for instituting criminal proceeding against employers when health and safety laws have been seriously breached. Denmark Denmark operate a well established and highly complex array of courts, arbitration and conciliation machinery. Actions concerning individual employments contracts are heard by the general courts. The Labour Court Act governs the activities of the labour court that hear cases involving breaches of collective agreements. However, the starting point for dispute resolution is usually the set of standard rules that are common to almost all collective agreement. These define a number of steps to be followed as soon as a problem arises in the workplace. The parties are first obliged to negotiate, then to seek private arbitration if required and, finally, to go to court rather than resort to strike action or lock-outs. No individual employee can bring a case, or be the sole subject of a labour court actions. Germany Around 650,000 cases are heard by labour courts each year in Germany. Of these around 90% concern individuals rather than trade unions or works councils (as collective suits). Half of all cases are settled at an initial hearing before a lower labour court, but 1,000 cases a year eventually go through the full appeals process. Three levels of courts of appeal 1) Labour courts (Arbeitsgerichte) 2) Higher labour courts (Landersarbeitsgerichte) 3) The Federal Supreme Labour Court (Bubdesarbeitsgericht) final court of appeal These deal with private law disputes involving statutory rights such as wrongful dismissal, infringements of works council procedure, wage payment problems and the interpretation of collective agreement. Social security cases are heard by separate courts of social affairs. Conflicts of interest between works councis and employers are dealt with by ad hoc settlement committees Italy Labour court are an integrated element of the civil court system. They are composed of professional judges who deal with a wide range of social insurance and social welfare issues as well as internal civil service dispute and labour laws. There are three levels of labour court: 1) The court of first instance 2) The appeals court 3) The Cassazione All parties must be legally represented at every level of labour courts. Both individuals and collective bodies may seeks a decision by the court. However, unions may intervene in individual disputes if the case involves the interpretations of a collective agreement. Most cases that are heard by a court of first instance are permitted to go forward upon appeals. Spain Around 300,000 cases are heard by Spanish labour courts each year. However, only 40% of all cases relate to contracts of employment, with the balance being taken up by social security disputes. There are three levels of labour court: 1) The social courts at a provincial level. 2) The social chamber of the high courts at a regional level. 3) The social chamber of the Supreme Court in Mad

Gideons Trumpet Essay -- Clarence Earl Gideon Gideon v. Wainwright

Gideon’s Trumpet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gideon’s Trumpet is the true story of a man named Clarence Earl Gideon, a semiliterate drifter who is arrested for burglary and petty theft. The book takes it’s readers back through one man’s moving account that became a constitutional landmark. Gideon’s Trumpet was written to recall the history behind the Gideon v. Wainwright court case and how it made such an enormous impact on United States law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On the night of June 3, 1961, Clearance Gideon broke into a pool room and smashed a cigarette machine and a juke box, taking some money from both and cigarettes. Later that morning a witness reported seeing Gideon break into the pool hall. The police found him a few hours later with a pint of wine and some spare change, he was arrested and charged with breaking and entering.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At his trial Gideon could not afford a lawyer, so he asked the judge to appoint him one, Gideon argued that the Court should appoint him one because the Sixth Amendment says that everyone is entitled to a lawyer. The judge turned down his request, saying that the state did not have to pay a poor person's legal defense unless he was charged with a capital crime or that "special circumstances" existed. Gideon was left to represent himself in court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Gideon did a horrible job of defending himself in court. He was found guilty of breaking and entering and petty larceny, which was a felony. Gideon was sentenced to five years in Florida State prison mostly due to his prior...

Advertising Has Been Used to Promote Goods and Services from 1945 to Today and Controls Consumers’ Behavior and Habits

Research Paper â€Å"The pervasiveness of contemporary advertising means that almost everywhere we turn, we are bombarded with appeals to buy-mostly under the guise of persuading us that buying will somehow improve our lives. † (Courtland L. Bovee and Williams F. Arens, Page 685). Fundamentally a good advert should attract attention and interest and should provide some control over the manner in which it is read. Advertising has been used to promote goods and services from 1945 to today and controls consumers’ behavior and habits. Considering the thesis, we could choose to agree with the fact that advertising manipulates consumers.This kind of marketing is essential for firms that want to show their superiority in a specific category of markets. People can see every day many adverts that encourage them to buy more and more goods or services. It makes consumers too materialistic and manipulates them psychologically to buy things they don’t need. Advertising promot es the consumption society. Obviously, many would agree that advertisers use tricky means in order to attract consumers’ attention. Moreover, not all parts of society are targeted. It can create problems considering children, ethnicities, religions and other criteria that affect population.There is already enough research that proves how harmful advertising can be. In fact, manipulating people psychologically causes harm. In the long run, it can develop a habit like it is in the United States. People using adverts don’t care about consequences and behave inappropriately. Some incitements, misleading, and minds’ control lead to what is called subliminal stimuli. By the way, advertising is maintaining competition between firms and as a consequence, it encourages innovation. Socially, advertising is considered as harmful but economically, it represents one of the main factors of innovation and technological progress.This paper will show why and how the use of adver tising has tremendously increased from 1945 to today. Then, we will show that advertisers use many efficient means of controlling people’s behavior and habits. Finally, we will argue that the effects of advertising can be harmful for populations and economies among a society. Considering that it seems dangerous and manipulative, we can point out that it is a huge source of information. It allows consumers to stay informed about new alternatives in their daily life. Moreover, some people think that this is better to buy products that were advertised than products unadvertised.After World War II, many countries that have been concerned by the conflict had to re-build what was destroyed. The most affected by such a war was the moral of populations. Advertising already existed but it began a means of showing that life can continue without trouble. We might have seen this tendency in the United States first. In fact, many advertising campaigns had the aim to show solid families ev en if they have lost a brother, a father or a friend in Europe or in Asia. Companies have understood that such a disaster can be used to promote goods or services they propose to citizens.Then, the globalization of television in the 1940’s helped the development of the use of advertising. Such a means of communication is essential. Adverts might already have been seen in newspapers, billboards or on broadsides but never on a screen. Traditionally, companies already used paper-based supports to show a short preview about new products or innovations and a slogan. Following that tendency, this is the beginning of the consumption society. Advertising encourages people to buy more and more goods. On the long run, it creates a way of thinking that develops an addiction.Commercials for Coca Cola are one of the best examples that affect the overall society. Drinking Coke improves citizens’ daily life because it gets satisfaction. â€Å"It has a taste that’s uniquely sa tisfying – a quality that’s unmistakable† (Fowles, Jib. Page 725). Another example is the place of women in society. They are targets of advertisers who promote goods that ensure an easier family life. â€Å"In terms of products represented, ads that illustrate this period concern mainly cigarettes, alcohol (beer and liquor), automobiles, food and drink, household cleaners, lotions and perfumes. † (Fowles, Jib. Page 691).The example of Camels cigarettes illustrates the situation (Fowles, Jib. Page 693). In 1947, advertisers pointed out the fact that doctors smoked more Camels cigarettes than other brands. Population will think this is not so harmful for their health and will buy more Camel cigarettes. The United States of America were a rich country before World War II. At the end of the conflict, it was clear that it was the richest country. This economic situation has encouraged the development of advertising. Each time there is a progress in a sector of the industry, advertisers improve their means of attracting people.At the beginning, it was only on paper-based supports with drawings. In 1951, it was the birth of television in color. The broadcast of public programs has considerably increased the audience and as a consequence, the impact of advertising. In addition, the economic period was favorable and many people might buy goods and services such as cars or household cleaners. On one hand, the video support allows consumers to be better informed but on the other hand, it encourages them to buy things they don’t need. According to a survey of the Census Bureau in the USA in the 1990’s, 98% of the American households owned one TV set. Census Bureau) In the 1980’s, the appearance of the Internet highlights a new period of advertising. Populations using this new technology of information are constantly confronted to adverts. â€Å"In 1994, Hot-wired site launches with the first banner adds from AT&T, Spri nt, MCI, Volvo and others† (Tungate, Mark). It was only a small part of the total advertising market but it increased at the same time the use of this new tool increased. The number of advertising agencies has considerably increased. There are more and more companies that use adverts to show their catalogue on paper, on buildings, on television and on the Internet.It is clear that, today, advertising is an essential part of the budget of businesses. Considering such a use of that tool, many people consider that advertisers make commercials in order to control consumers’ behavior and habits. â€Å"Advertising is the art of arresting the human intelligence just long enough to get money from it† (Blore, Chuck in Shah, Anup). The second subject that this paper will illustrate is to show that controlling consumers by the means of advertising is a today’s debate. In fact, advertisers are able to use tricky methods in order to attract people’s attention. H owever, as the year progressed, the sophistication of advertising methods and technics has advanced, enticing and shaping and even creating consumerism and needs where there has been none before, or turning luxuries into necessities† (Shah, Anup). Households are controlled against their will. When they are confronted to advertising, they are persuaded that they have to buy the product of one company. Everyone faces persuasion. We can see it in every street, in the cinema, on television, on Internet†¦ Advertisers give arguments based on populations’ daily life and use them to prove the benefits of a good or a service.If some people are always busy, there can be a good that helps them to be better organized. The advert will show that such a situation can be improved just by buying a particular product, produced by a particular company. This is the basis of persuasion. Following that, there are many methods that can be used to promote and sell. â€Å"Sometimes the si mple facts of our case are overwhelmingly persuasive. Other times we appeal to some need or motive of our listener because the facts alone aren’t persuasive enough† (Bovee, Courtland L. , Arens, William F. Page 687).Although the persuasion is not enough efficient, it is clear that the emotional appeals are the best way to force consumers’ to buy. Such a means of attracting people depends on the targets. Luxury brands will use arguments that attract consumers earning a lot of money. They display elements of a rich individual’s life and the fact that the product or the service was made for him. On the contrary, if the advert concerns the middle-class, it will be adapted to the â€Å"condition† of those people. In fact, this is also the case of consumers that do not need to put forward their income. There are advertising sponsors at both ends of that spectrum. Food companies offer natural products as well as convenience packaged goods. Shoe companies o ffer simple sandals as well as formal footwear† (Bovee, Courtland L. , Arens, William F. Page 687). This is why heroes are put forward in adverts. An individual who practices a sport and sees that his idol uses a specific product will encourage him to buy it. In the case of prevention, emotional appeals are the most adapted. Government uses this means to make people aware of what is dangerous.In order to reduce road traffic accidents, a commercial that shocks the audience appeals to fear. Consequences of such an advert will be more attention from drivers and fewer accidents on the road. We can’t explain how advertisers manipulate individuals without talking about subliminal stimuli. This means of controlling consumers’ behavior and habits is the most concealed because not everyone can perceive it. As a matter of fact, it is possible that not only individuals but also groups of individuals are controlled without their awareness. It changes their habits because the y do things they usually would ot do. We can determine that there are two ways to attempt an auditory. First, it touches the unconscious part of our brain. When people are reading a slogan or a sentence linked to an idea, several words are dissimulated and manipulate people by the language. It is clear that subliminal stimuli concerns the five censes. Consumers’ can hear, smell, touch things and be attracted. All of these criteria are strategically placed in order to have the maximum impact of perceptions. We take the example of a family that is shopping in a mall, they can see and hear promotions on products they didn’t intent to buy.Advertisers point out the fact that this is useful and essential. As the author William Cane pointed out: â€Å"Public concern about subliminal manipulation can be seen in 1957 when a marketing researcher looked into statistical data. James Vicary claimed to find dramatic increases in the sales of Coca-Cola and popcorn when he flashed th e phrases â€Å"Drink Coca-Cola† and â€Å"Eat popcorn† for 1/2000 of a second during a movie. The statistics showed an increase in popcorn sales by 58%, with an increase in Coca Cola sales by 18%. -Cola sales by 18%† (Cane, William.Umich. edu). Subliminal stimuli is used each time companies or politics want to control individuals against their will. Alternatively, advertisers can use sexual stimulants that influence individuals to buy. It is not difficult to determine what consumers need. Their fears are one of those determinants as well as their lack of self-confidence. Heroes can be put forward to prove that such a product can improve our everyday life. Movie stars are an example. People who have problems with their hair tend to buy lotions that a star uses.We know that adverts are created in such a way as to control consumers’ behavior and habits. Advertisers employed by companies manipulate people psychologically and force to buy things they donâ€⠄¢t usually need. The last part of this paper will deals with consequences of control and manipulation not only on individuals but also on economies. Finally, there are many consequences not only on individuals but also on economies. Manipulation and control through advertising can lead to critical effects on targeted consumers. In fact, there are different categories of eople in a society while the reaction is not the same in front of adverts. This is what we will demonstrate. First, one of the consequences of advertising campaigns is that it â€Å"makes us too materialistic† (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 686). It changes the value of every system and encourages the development of the consumption society. The acquisition of a product or using a service can change our daily life. With this idea, individuals are forced to think that buying more and more goods will make them more important. USA is the best example of such a situation. For example, they point o ut the fact that millions of Americans own 20 or more pairs of shoes, several TV sets, and often more than one vehicle† (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 686). Advertisers are looking for happiness linked with materialism. Companies don’t care about culture or improvements of the overall behavior of populations. The only thing that interests them is to sell. Finally, this materialism creates a cultural gap. It encourages the division of societies and creates conflicts. Then, there are questions about interferences with ethnicities.It is often the case in the USA and in every country where advertising is present. Advertisers use criteria such as the gender, the skin color, the social condition, or historical facts. In a country where there is a â€Å"melting pot†, it is considered as discrimination. We can say that commercials perpetuate stereotypes. As an example, when an advert targets women, it has been adapted realistically because they take an i mportant place in purchasing decisions. Even if there are improvements, there are still â€Å"bias and sexism in advertising† (Bovee, Courtland L. and Arens, William F. Page 689).Manipulation of children and teenagers through advertising can be critical. The possible harmful effects on both of these age ranges are significant. First, it is important to point out the fact that they are the most vulnerable and suggestible. When they are watching television, even if this is a program adapted to their age, commercials that are not adapted are broadcast and can influence them negatively. In the article â€Å"Advertising: Information or Manipulation† written by DeRego Makenzie, she is telling her experience with the effects of several adverts on children’s minds: â€Å"As an example, I was babysitting.My friend and I were watching her favorite show on Disney Channel: Hannah Montana. A commercial came on, and I stared at the screen in shock; in between two segments of a children's show, there was a commercial advertising Enzyte! I knew this could not be appropriate, and when she asked me what it was, I was dumbfounded. How was I supposed to answer that? Furthermore, children by the age of seven are exposed to commercials like these at least twenty thousand times. †Ã‚   Such a testimony confirms that advertisers don’t care about consequences of commercials if vulnerable minds are watching them.Regarding teenagers, this is more a problem with cigarettes and alcohol. They are more and more smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol. Advertising is a factor of this tendency. It is clear that alcohol ads on television have been multiplied in the last few years. This is what is shown by the Center on Alcohol Marketing and Youth. One of their studies confirms that the top fifteen programs in 2003 had alcohol in their ads. Due to advertising’s influence on populations, there are economic consequences not only on individuals but also on companies.Consumers buy goods while the price is not always affordable. The fact that advertising encourages them to spend more and more money leads to economic problems. First, it forces them to borrow money from banks. On the short run, they can pay what they want but on the long run, many people can’t refund. Such a situation breaks the stability of families and of the overall economy. In the case of companies, they spend billions of dollars in adverts. It creates a competition between firms that many of them can’t assume. A company with a huge turnover will spend more on advertising than a modest business.Consequences will be that these modest businesses will shutdown because of the lack of customers willing to visit malls or any other huge business. We currently live in a profit-driven society. Individuals are constantly bombarded of adverts from companies, from the government or from any other institution that wishes to sell goods and services. To attract people, advertisers use tricky means and control consumers’ behavior and habits. What is often not shown is the impact of those methods. The aim is to encourage us to buy more and more against our awareness.Additionally, it maintains the idea of the consumption society and may cause economic problems for the large-scale. Following surveys, it affects vulnerable individuals such as children and is harmful. A social gap is being created due to the use of ethnicities, religions and other very sensitive issues. This paper has shown that the use of advertising has tremendously increased from the end of World War II to today and that it is clearly harmful for societies. It has created a new way of thinking which is maintained because of the methods that are more and more improved.At least, the addiction consecutive to the modification of populations’ behavior is increasing.WORK CITED PAGE Bovee, Courtland L. , and Arens, William F. The Indictments Against Advertising, Advertising M akes Us Too Materialistic. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 10th edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pearson Longman pp. 685-691. Cohen, Dorothy. Elements of Effective Layout. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 10th edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pearson Longman pp. 681-684. Cane, William. The Roots of Subliminal Perception. (www. umich. du) Census Bureau (www. census. gov) DeRego, Makenzie. Floyd Dryded Voices: Advertising: Information or Manipulation. Web. Wednesday, January 28th, 2008 (www. capitalcityweekly. com) Fowles, Jib. Chapter 13, New and Improved: Six Decades of Advertising, A Portfolio of Advertisements: 1945-2003. Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum, 10th edition by Laurence Behrens University of California, 2008. Pearson Longman pp. 691-737. Shah, Anup. Media and Advertising. Web. March 4th 2012. (www. globalissues. org) Tungate, Mark. Adland: A Global History Of Advertising. Philadelphia : K ogan Pages. 3 July 2007. Print.