The Rule of Law - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2714 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Level High school Did you like this example? RULE OF LAW The rule of law is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced; the principle of government by law.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[1] This is the principle that individuals and government can only act with publicly known law accordingly and those law must be enforced and adopted I a good manner and also consistent with the well established conventions, procedures and traditions. In the Australian Constitution, the rule of law was a foundational principle for the preparation of the Constitution. The concept of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ was very similar and familiar to the theory of an ancient historical Greek philosopher à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Aristotleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who wrote the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Law should governà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[2] The rule of law is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the authority and influence of law in society, esp. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Rule of Law" essay for you Create order when viewed as a constraint on individual and institutional behavior; (hence) the principle whereby all members of a society (including that in government) are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢[3] The modern concept of rule of law is given by the British jurist and constitutional theorist à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Albert VennA. V.Diceyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢.[4] AV Diceyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s famous conception of the rule of law.The rule of law in general, is seen as encompassing these three features: the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to the influence of arbitrary power, and excludes the existence of arbitrariness, of prerogative, or even wide discretionary authority on the part of the government à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ equality before the law, or the equal subjection of all classes to the ordinary law of the land by the ordinary Law Courts; the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in this sense excludes the idea of any exemption of officials or others from the duty of obedience to the law which governs other citizens or others from the duty of obedience to the law which governs other citizens or from the jurisdiction of ordinary tribunals à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as a formula for expressing the fact that with us the law of the constitution à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ are not the source but the consequence of the rights and individuals, as defined and enforced by the Courts à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ thus the constitution is the result of the ordinary law of the land.[5] In short, the three elements are: Supremacy of law; Equality before the law; and Government by law. The rule of law is the basic and fundamental concept of justice, implementation of law and interpretation of law. Without rule of law, it is not possible to provide fair justice and equitable treatment in legal system. The rule of law is the authoritative, superior placement of established law. The rule of law entails the promotion of certain concepts and freedoms, to prevent abusive use of power. The rule of law contains numerous elements. The elements state that all laws must be written, feasible, and as clear as possible and must not be contradictory. The laws can have no effect until they have been passed and are thus official and laws must be constant through time, but must allow for revision. The rule of law differs in the specifics, but the aforementioned is what is consistent with all the definitions. The elements need to be balanced appropriately, or unfairness will result. The rule of law in relation to Australia was developed by the Waterloo Creek Massacre in conjunct ion with the subsequent events; a defined sense of morality was established. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ignorance of law does not excuseà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ is the strongest point to established and enforced of rule of law. Some authorities which helped to develop the concept of the rule of law as the mistreatment of law coupled with ignorance, and basic human rights were being gradually recognized and improved. For example, in the cases of R v Kilmeister (No 1)[6] and R v Kilmeister (No 2)[7], the Attorney-General repeatedly stressed the nature of murder and how in this matter ignorantia juris non excusat (ignorance of the law does not excuse). Tempting as it can be to justify such acts, it is still against the law to commit them. Basic principles of Rule of Law: There are four basic principle of rule of law. Government and its officials are accountable under the law. Laws are clear, just, publicized, stable and protect fundamental rights. The process of law is efficient, fair, just and accessible for everyone. Justice is given and delivered timely by ethical, independent and competent authorities or representatives of law governed bodies. The judiciary should be independent. Essentials of Rule of Law There are some main factors and essentials of rule of law which are mention and describe below The society must governed by rule of law and officials of government are accountable under the law. There must be absence of corruptions. There must be a open government which involves engagement, access, participation involvement and collaboration between government and its citizen. Security must provide to all citizen. Security includes personal security as well as security of their property. Every person should be able to easy access to courts for resolve their grievances and obtain remedy in a peaceful and effective manner Main characteristics of the Rule of law Universality of the scope of the law The first principle of the rule of law is that all citizens come within the scope of the law, no matter what their emi ­nence or authority. Those who make and enforce the law are therefore bound by it. Albert Venn Dicey set out one the best known statements of this principle in 1895: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“ every official, from the Prime Minister down to a constable or a collector of taxes, is under the same responsibility for every act done without legal justifica ­tion as any other citizenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. [Appointed government offi ­cials and politicians, alike] and all subordinates, though carrying out the commands of their official superiors, are as responsible for any act which the law does not authorise as is any private and unofficial per ­son.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  [8] Martin Krygier, international authority on the rule of law, argues that there is a political and social dimension to the principle. The political element is that governments and public of ficials must comply with the existing law while it is in force. Furthermore, there must be effective ways of forcing governments and officials to submit to the law. If these conditions are not met then a crucial aspect of the rule of law is missing.[9] The social dimension is equality for all citizens before the law. Traditionally this has been assumed to mean that the law should apply to all regardless of inequalities of wealth or status.[10] Clarity for all citizens A second principle is that the law should be expressed in such a way that people can be guided by it. To achieve this goal a number of conditions must be met. The laws must be clear and understandable. The body of law cannot be contradictory. Laws should apply to future action (be pro ­spective) rather than apply to actions which have already occurred (be retrospective). Unless this is so, people will be unaware of their legal position and will be in constant fear of unknowingly breaking some future law. The body of law should be relatively stable because if laws are being con ­stantly changed, people will not trust them. Laws must be taken seriously and enforced. Supportive institutional arrangements and legal culture There need to be appropriate institutions to support the rule of law. These institutional arrangements are too var ­ied and rich to be based on one model only. Nevertheless there are four central ideas supporting the principles of the rule of law that have been widely adopted. The first is that those who decide whether specific actions are legal or ille ­gal should not be the same as those who have the power of decision-making in governments. Second, courts should not only be independent, but also protected from interfer ­ence. Third, traditions and conventions matter to ensure that legal decisions are based on reasonable interpreta ­tions of existing laws. Finally, there need to be measures to ensure that those who appear in the courts are given a fair hearing. There needs to be a culture of law that is widely valued and shared among lawyers. There also needs to be broad agreement within the society that laws really matter. In many Englis h-speaking cultures there is also a rich tradition of common law, the body of law built up over long periods of time through the constant refinement of legal precedents by outstanding legal minds. Common law is not a necessary condition of the rule of law. It is, nonethe ­less, an example of the importance of legal culture Importance of the rule of law. Why it is important? There is no perfect application of the rule of law. All the subversions of the principles of the rule of law described above can occur. The abuses are, however, much less likely to happen when a rule of law culture is strong. When considering the significance of the rule of law, Martin Kry ­gier argues that we need to ask three key questions. The first is: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What we are trying to achieve?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  This ques ­tion, he says, is best answered by contrasting the rule of law with its alternative, the arbitrary exercise of power. This is the evil that the rule of law is trying to curb. The second question is: What are the main reasons for wishing to curb the arbitrary exercise of power? One widely agreed reason is to prevent or reduce the fear of harm and oppression. We rely upon the law to protect us from harm from other individuals or groups in our society. To do this effectively there have to be widely accepted rules of behaviour and sanctions for those who fail to observe those rules. We also need protection from the arbitrary actions of the state itself. This is best achieved by requiring governments to operate under laws that conform to the character of the rule of law. The third question is: How do we best encourage beneficial interactions among citizens? There is need for à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"legitimate expectationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ between citizens without which their rela ­tionships will be uncertain and at times dangerous. Pre ­dictability is one need and security another. Clarity about the rules affecting relationship s between citizens is a third. In this way citizens are made aware of their rights and responsibilities vis-ÃÆ'  -vis each other.[11] [12] Criticism on Rule of Law: There is most strong one criticism on rule of law is that, which it is fail to deal with the supremacy of the law making body which is Parliament. If the parliament make a law which is in a way of it or which create contradiction to the rule of law. But it is still the law and there is nothing that the courts can do about it. Conclusion: In my point of view, the rule of have over the course of Australian history together formed our concept of justice. Overall, the rule of law is considered to be one of the fundamental doctrines of the constitution of the Australia. Constitutions are concerned with the allocation of power and the control of its exercise. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Government of laws and not of menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  this was said by Aristotle way back in Ancient Greece. Without the doctrine of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬ ËÅ"the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ our government would be undemocratic and would be deemed à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"the rule of menà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in which certain members were exempt from the law and would not be equitable. In my conclusion, the rule of law refers to two elements. First, government powers should be checked and secondly law and order should maintain all the time. In other words, all power and action of the government must be legal and authorized by the law and action of the government must within the prescribed legal area. Bibliography Internet: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule Of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ The Free Dictionary, https://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule Of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ WikiPedia, https://wikipedia.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Legal Obligation and Authorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Stamford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stamford Encyclopedia of Authority, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-obligation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ Law council of Australia https://www.lawcouncil.asn.au/lawcouncil/index.php/divisions/international-division/rule-of-law The Rule of Law Instituteà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Principles , rule f law institute of Australia https://www.ruleoflaw.org.au/principles/ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"What is rule of law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ world justice project https://worldjusticeproject.org/what-rule-law à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1328context=bjil Cooray, M. The Australian Achievement: From Bondage to Freedom, https://www.ourcivilisation.com/cooray/btof/index18.htm A discussion of principles of the rule of law in an Austral ­ian liberal context. Li, B. (2000). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“What is Rule of law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Perspectives, vol. 1(5),https://www.oycf.org/Perspectives2/5_043000/what_is_rule_of_law.htmA discussion of the meaning and the ideals of law. United Nations and the Rule of Law https://www.un.org/en/ruleoflaw/index.shtmlA description of the United Nationsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ commitment to the principle of the rule of law. Books Articles: R Fitzgerald and M Hearn, Bligh, Macarthur and the Rum Rebellion, Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, 1988. R Hughes, The Fatal Shore, Harvil Press, London, 1987. Australian Law Dictionary (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2013). D C Pearce and R S Geddes, Statutory Interpretation In Australia, (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed, 2011). Michelle Sanson et al, Connecting With Law (Oxford University Press, 2nd ed, 2013). Adjami, Mirna, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“African Courts, International Law, and Comparative Case-Law: Chimera or Emerging Human Rights Jurisprudence.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Michigan Journal of International Law 164(24) (2002): 103-167. Banik, Dan, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Legal Empowerment as a Conceptual and Operation Tool in Poverty Eradication.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  Hague Journal on Rule of Law 1 (2009): 117-131. Bergling, Per. Rule of Law on the International Agenda: International Support to Legal and Judicial Reform in International Administration, Transition and Development Co-operation. Intersentia, 2006. Bodanksy, Daniel, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Legitimacy of International Governance: A Coming Challenge for International Environmental Law?à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  American Society of International Law 93(3) (1999): 596-624. DvDs: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Rule of Lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢, Microsoft ® Encarta Premium ®, 2009. Microsoft Corporation, 2009. [1] https://dictionary.reference.com/browse/rule+of+law [2] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Politicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ by Aristotle, translated by William Ellis, Chapter 3 [3] TheOxford English Dictionary [4] Wormuth, Francis.The Origins of Modern Constitutionalism, page 28 (1949) [5] Albert Venn Dicey, Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution (Macmillan and Co, 8th ed, 1926) 198à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å"9. [6] NSW SC, 15 November 1838. [7] NSW SC, 26 November 1838. [8] (Albert Venn Dicey, Law of the Constitution, Lon ­don: MacMillan, 9th ed., 1950, p.194). [9] Clarence Ling, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Martin Krygierà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s contribution to the rule of lawà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ vol.4 the Western Australian Jurist 211 [10] Ibid. [11] Martin Krygier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Marxism, Communism, and Narcissismà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ (1990) 15 Law and Social Enquiry 709, 730 [12] Martin Krygier, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Ethical Positivism and the Liberalism of Fearà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ ž ¢ in Tom Campbell and Jeffrey Goldsworthy (ed), Judicial Power, Democracy and Legal Positivism (Dartmouth, 1999) 59, 64.

The United States Department Of Homeland Security

Abstract As communities and public safety agencies prepare their communities to deal with possible terrorism, community policing models are effectively drawn upon for a better enforcement of preparedness. Efforts by federal and state governments are mindful of the production for events of the 1960 s Civil Defense but as a result of 9/11, there has been more action for cities and towns to develop response plans for any type of local terrorist incidents. The safety of the public is most important and falls into the hands of government agencies. Community policing encourages community input and involvement. The Priorities of Investigative Tactics of Law Enforcement The United States of America experienced one of the worst terrorist attacks in history whereby more than 3000 people lost their lives on September 11, 2001. In an effort to combat terrorism, President George W. Bush pushed for the enactment of the Homeland Security Act in 2002, which became effective on March 1, 2003. It involved reorganization of several United States’ government civil agencies, forming the United States Department of Homeland Security. The goal was not however to take care of terrorism but also included protection against other hazards, whether human-made or natural disasters (9/11 Attacks - Facts Summary - HISTORY.com, n.d.). However, the reorganization has had an impact in the way criminal investigations are conducted, trammeling the liberties of Americans. Crime investigation is oneShow MoreRelatedThe Federal Emergency Management Agency ( Fema ) Of The United States Department Of Homeland Securit y1702 Words   |  7 PagesOne dominant agency is the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) of the United States Department of Homeland Security. 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Traditionally military servicemen would wear some type of camouflageRead MoreThe Transportation Service Administration Directorate1734 Words   |  7 Pagesfor the Transportation Service Administration directorate, which is a directorate under the department of homeland security. The main purpose of this directorate is to ensure the safety of the United States’ transport infrastructure. The main objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of the TSA and determine whether they are in alignment with the objectives of the department of homeland security. This ensures that the directorate works towards achieving the overall goal of the DHS as stipulatedRead MoreHomeland Security1085 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ AMERICAN MILITARY UNIVERSITY HOMELAND SECUIRTY Brittany Staley HLSS302: Paper #2 May 11, 2014 In the years since 9/11, homeland security has turn out to be frequently and generally identified as both a word and as a Federal department. 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Homeland security was created not that long ago. It is located in Washington DC in the Nebraska Avenue Complex and that’s where it started.Read MoreDevelopments For Securing The Nations Ports1574 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican Association of Ports Authorities (n. d) the United States is served by some 360 commercial ports that provide approximately 3,200 cargo and passenger handling facilities and there are more than 150 deep draft seaports under the jurisdiction of 126 public seaport agencies located along the Atlantic, Pacific, Gulf and Great Lakes coasts, as well as in Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. Transportation Security Administration (2010), broaden the definition of† the

A Couple Of Yahoos Essay Example For Students

A Couple Of Yahoos Essay David Filo was born in Wisconsin 1966 to Jerry, an architect, and Carol, an accountant, but he was raised in Moss Bluff, Louisiana. There they live in what is called an alternative community. They live semi-communally with six other families, sharing gardening duties and a kitchen. Filo attended Tulane University in New Orleans, Louisiana, receiving a bachelors degree in computer engineering. He continued his education at Stanford University in Palo Alto, California. Jerry Yang was born Chih-Yuan Yang in Taiwan in 1968, and was raised by his mother, Lily, an English and drama teacher, after his father died when he was only two. He immigrated to the United States when he was ten years old with his mother, grandmother, and younger brother, Ken, settling in the Berryessa suburb of San Jose. Yang spoke Mandarin Chinese and hardly any English, but soon learned it and became a strait-A student. He was admitted to Stanford University, where he obtained his bachelors and masters degree in electrical engineering in 1990. It was there that he met David Filo. Filo and Yang were doctoral students in computer engineering. As one of their assignments they were working on the computer-aided design of computer chip circuitry. For this project they were set up in an office which was really a trailer that was filled with computers and equipment. I was terribly bored, Filo stated, And with our faculty advisor out of town we started to fool around on the World Wide Web. They soon became very frustrated with the World Wide Web. It seriously lacked any type of organization. The only was to access a page was to know the URL, or the address to the website. At the time there were books being published with lists of different sites and their addresses, however, this proved to not be very useful as website addresses change quite frequently, so that the books were outdated before they even hit the press. Filo and Yang came up with the idea to provide a kind of roadmap for online users. They designed some software that organized web pages into topics and that could be used immediately to link, or go to those pages. In early 1994, Jerrys Guide to the World Wide Web was born, and the name was later revised to Jerry and Davids Guide to the World Wide Web. The two provided the service free to all Stanford users. Later that summer the system was dubbed Yahoo! The name is supposed to mean: Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle, but Yang and Filo insist that they selected the name because they consider themselves to be Yahoos. Soon Yahoo! became so busy that Stanfords computers began to crash with all of the Internet traffic. Stanford demanded that they move their program elsewhere. At this point, Yang and Filo were receiving numerous offers to by the program Internet Giants including, America Online and Netscape Navigator. But Filo and Yang refused to sell out, they believed that they could become more successful running the system by themselves. Today Yahoo! has grown to become the worlds favorite guide to the Internet. With more 800,000 users, Yahoo is contacted over 7 million times a day. All the Internet user needs to do is click on Yahoo! and a list of topics ranging from arts to social sciences appears in alphabetical order. Yahoo! also has chat, mail, shopping, and personalizing features. It also has a search engine for children called Yahooligans. After all of their success, David Filo and Jerry yang are still pretty much the same guys they were when all of it began. They dont even care that they have so much money, its just not that important to them. They still live like college kids.

Public Health for Health Promotion Theory- myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about thePublic Health for Health Promotion Theory. Answer: Public health program planning and evaluation have gained immense prominence in the recent past against the increasing incidences of public health issues. A rich pool of literature has drawn the attention of stakeholders on the needs of imbedding professionalism across diverse health disciplines who would be responsible for the development, implementation and evaluation of health programs in the near future. Public health program planning is to follow a set of guidelines that are based on the knowledge and experience of evaluators and planners (Tulchinsky and Varavikova 2014). Cragg (2013) points out that a number of models have emerged based on evidence that aims to chalk out a suitable public health program implementation and evaluation. Such models have been known to act as the framework based on which the planning process can be carried out. Two examples of such models are the Issel Model and the Hawe et al. Model. These models might have some common elements to them, but they ar e distinct from each other. Each phase of the models has their own set of importance and relevance to public health outcomes. The present essay is in public health program planning, implementation and evaluation, as explained through two models. The first part of the essay describes the Issel model and its five stages. The first stage of assessment of community needs and assets is critically reviewed, and its relation with other stages is established. The rationale between why it is a cyclical model is stated, and the model is compared with the Hawe et a. Model. Example from literature is cited for explaining the Issel model. The second part of the essay briefly describes the public health program Australian Indigenous Wellness Program in Australia and the importance of planning the program and implementing it. The end of the essay establishes the program strategies, objectives and goals and the importance of each of these three elements. A logical conclusion is provided at the end of the essay. Issel and Wells (2017) have put forward a constructive model for a public health program that has been refereed to as a foundational base for developing efficient public health programs across the world. The model proposed by Issel has been popular amongst its advocates due to its simplicity and relevance to modern day public health problems. It integrates the principles of resolutions to public health concerns into program operations. The aim is to uphold innovation and evidence-based practice for achieving outcome improvements and understanding program impacts. The idea is that a timely and in-detailed understanding of the further needs would save resources and help in achieving the objectives within a short span of time. This would thereby promote translation of program findings into practice. Guided by the different stages of the model, the primary approach of the programs can evolve with time. The model described by Issel allows strong collaboration between stakeholders to focus on common goals. The five stages of a public health program according to Issel are Assessment of community needs and assets; program planning; program implementation; program process evaluation and program effect evaluation. Going by the model laid by Issel, the initial stage of assessment of community needs and assets is the most crucial and important stage of a public health program. The purpose of such assessment is to learn and identify adequately the population of interest, the issues faced by the population, the trends in public health system, the major factors hindering the implementation of a public health program, the strengths of the population and the prospects of bringing improvement in the community based on the strengths. The group requiring special attention within the community would be the focus point. This phase involves the identification of the present situation of the community and the aspects that make the situation better or worse. The possible actions that can be taken for addressing the situation can be adjudged based on this data. The situational analysis of the needs of the community has to be accurate to the optimal extent in order to have a successful program (Brownson et al. 2017). The model proposed by Issel is outright a cyclical model, with the last phase of program effect evaluation being linked with a next level assessment of community needs and assets, the latter relying on the former one. This implies that the results of the program effect evaluation indicate whether there is a need for conducting a more detailed assessment of the community to understand its need. The other four stages of the model can follow after that as deemed fit. The model is distinct from the model proposed by Hawa and fellow researchers. (McKenzie et al. 2016). This model does not elaborate the phase of evaluation of the program, in contrast to the model of Issel. The number of tools and aids to be used for the evaluation phase is, therefore, less in number. In addition, the model of Issel has a major emphasis on program theory, unlike the model of Hawe. Program theory is a conceptual plan that has some details regarding how the program is expected to be carried out and what the p rogram is about. It is the comprehensive overview of the program. The model of Hawe does not emphasise on process theory and effect theory, the two prime components of program theory. It does not consider the relationship of interventions with a health problem to a detailed extent. Issel and Wells (2017) have outlined a brief example of how the public health model of Issel can be applied in practice. The program considers smoking cessation agenda. The needs of the community pertaining to the urgency of smoking cessation are to be analysed by collecting quantitative data that highlights the prevalence of smoking within the community. The next step would be to understand the factors that motivate individuals to quit smoking. The successive step would be to outline a program that ensures that individuals quit smoking within the desired time frame. The strategies need to be aligned with the objectives of the program and based on the assessment of needs and assets. For example, if the individual can be influenced by social media messages, this needs to be the focus of intervention. The following stage needs to evaluate whether the process of message dissemination is effective or not. This can be done by subjective data collection. The last stage would be to evaluate whether results of the program is effective. This can be done by collecting objective data reflecting the incidences of smoking cessation within the population in the set time frame. Australia has witnessed the implementation of a number of robust public health programs that address the diverse needs of the population at different levels. Oen such program that has drawn attention in recent times is the Australian Indigenous Wellness Program (Diabetes Management and Care Program). The program has the aim of preventing the incidence rate of type 2 diabetes among the Aboriginal communities of Western Australia. The vision of the program is to develop a sustainable community health plan that ensures that the aboriginal population is able to manage their own care with respect to diabetes. The program incorporates the prevention, management and care of diabetes. The program has been planned as a response to the diabetes prevalence among this population in Australia since diabetes leads to a huge social and economic burden for the country. The needs assessment of the population indicates that if diabetes is prevented to a considerable extent, the overall health burden c an be reduced. The impact that diabetes has on the community is targeted to be changed drastically in the coming years. The program has been established by the Caritas Australia's partner, Unity of First People of Australia (UFPA) which is an organisation dedicated to aboriginals for addressing a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes (Pressick et al. 2016). The Australian Indigenous Wellness Program has been implemented with some sound strategies in place. These strategies rest on the need for reducing the economic and social burden of diabetes. The elementary strategy considered by the program is lifestyle changes. Promotion of healthy lifestyles lies at the cornerstone of the program aimed at enhancing the lives of individuals living in remote areas. Activities are undertaken that utilises the strengths of the individuals and lead to a comprehensive spiritual, cultural and physical wellbeing. Education is provided through different stages, categorising individuals as per their needs. The care givers are supported with adequate resources, advocacy and training so that they can share their knowledge and achieve the desired program outcomes. The implementation of the program is done in such a manner that it integrates and coordinates approaches for eliminating diabetes. The prime guiding principles underpinning the programs goals include cooperation among stakeholders, facilitation of self-care, reduction of health inequalities and measurement of health outcomes (healthinfonet.ecu.edu.au 2017). According to Eldredge et al. (2016) any public health program must have a discreet set of program goal, objectives and strategies. Goals and objectives of the program are defined as the important standards and criteria against which the performance of the program can be examined. As per the authors, a program goal is the broad statement that defines the long-term expectation of the outcomes of the program. This is the desired result that the program would give rise to. Goals serve up as the basis of development of the objectives of the program. In this context, a program objective is a statement that describes the expected results of the program and how they arse to be achieved. Usually, a program has multiple objectives for a single goal. A program strategy consigns to the cautious planning of methods that acts as the tool for achieving the desired goals and objectives. It is an act of employing forces addressing the needs of the program so that the change can be brought about as de sired. Public health program goals, objectives and strategies are all intertwined and dependent on each other. All programs must have a clear understanding of where it emerges from; that is the goals and objectives. It must also be transparent about what it is striving to accomplish and how it can be accomplished; this is the strategy. Without objectives and goals there can be no outcomes, and without strategies, the goals and objectives are of no use. Strategies are the measurable aspect of the objectives and goals of the program. The items are exclusively measurable and are to be prearranged prior to the implementation of the program (Powell et al. 2017). While goals are the main desired outcome of the program, objectives are the measurable and specific results that the initiatives would have. They offer the specification about how much is to be achieved and by what time. In other words, the goals and more narrowed down by the objectives. Strategies provide direction and guidance for completing the program within the stipulated time. In addition, it facilitates the overall planning process of the program. The evaluation and monitoring of the program performance are facilitated to the optimal extent. Since the importance of a clear goal and set of objectives cannot be denied, they must not be overlooked while outlining these critical elements. Without goals and objectives, the strategies would wander without any aim (Sharma 2016). It is noted that program goals, objectives and strategies are interlinked and together ensure the success of the health program. Each of them provides the foundational ground for adjudging the achievement of the respective program. The success of the program can be thoroughly verified by aligning the results with project objectives, and right decision can be taken if strategies are to be reformed (Drain et al. 2017). From the above discussion, it can be concluded that public health programs can be conceptualised as a wide array of programmatic interventions spanning a wide social-ecological range, starting from individual level and reaching up to population level programs. Examples of successful public health programs have frequently been cited in the literature. Promoting a public health focus gives ample opportunities to exhibit the manner in which such programs target populations at different levels. The interventions and strategies behind them are unique in all respects. A wide range of concepts and practical tools are required for developing and evaluating public health programs that are considered by the evaluation consultants. The key findings from the evaluation are then to be disseminated in a manner that is understandable by the individuals of the community in order to bring about major changes pertaining to public health. Public health programs augment the interests of public heath adv ocates as they come forward as a multidisciplinary program teams to bring positive changes. A number of public health program models have been discussed in contemporary literature, each with a distinct set of salient features. Two such models include the model proposed by Issel and the one proposed by Hawe. The former model is an elaborated health program model with each stage resting on a number of principles. Though the Isser model is complicated owing to the extensive number of detailed stages, it can be commented that is a more advanced model as compared to that of Hawe model. A number of health programs are present in Australia in recent times that address the diverse needs of the population. One such program is Australian Indigenous Wellness Program that aims to reduce the prevalence of diabetes among the aboriginal population. The program is famous since it has a defined and transparent set of goals and measurable objectives. The importance of program goals and objectives are imperative and strategies to achieve the results have to be completely aligned with the objectives. Public health programs might face a number of challenges in its implementation phase, which are to be overcome through rigouros evaluation of the process and outcomes measures. It is expected that with the application of modern and advanced models, public health programs would achieve new heights. References Brownson, R.C., Baker, E.A., Deshpande, A.D. and Gillespie, K.N., 2017.Evidence-based public health. Oxford University Press. Cragg, L. ed., 2013.Health promotion theory. McGraw-Hill Education (UK). Drain, P.K., Mock, C., Toole, D., Rosenwald, A., Jehn, M., Csordas, T., Ferguson, L., Waggett, C., Obidoa, C. and Wasserheit, J.N., 2017. 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Methods to improve the selection and tailoring of implementation strategies.The journal of behavioral health services research,44(2), pp.177-194. Pressick, E.L., Gray, M.A., Cole, R.L. and Burkett, B.J., 2016. A systematic review on research into the effectiveness of group-based sport and exercise programs designed for Indigenous adults.Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport,19(9), pp.726-732. Sharma, M., 2016.Theoretical foundations of health education and health promotion. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Tulchinsky, T.H. and Varavikova, E.A., 2014.The new public health. Academic Press.